SCI Regeneration MapWhat the world knows about repairing the injured spinal cord

Seven directions of research

A subject this map covers

Functional electrical stimulation

A list of codes kept in this browser. No name, no medical answer and no account — nothing personal is stored and nothing is registered.

Part of: Interfaces and neuroprostheses

What belongs here

Stimulating paralysed muscle to produce movement: grasp, step, cycling, exercise.

What does not belong here, however close it looks

Stimulating the cord, even when it changes movement, is neuromodulation.

What has been looked at

Counted from what the sources catalogue, not from reading the work. It says how much exists and over what span of years — never what any of it found.

  • Registered or indexed as work in people: 2494 records · 1950–2026
  • Indexed as work in animals: 400 records · 1986–2026
  • Indexed as laboratory work: 5 records · 1987–2025
  • The source has not said who or what was studied: 243 records · 1984–2026

    Checked

    Records a person has read against the original and published into this map. These carry measurements, evidence states and a place on the ladder.

    • An intracortical brain-computer interface combined with implanted functional electrical stimulation restores volitional reaching and grasping movements of the paralysed arm after spinal cord injury.
    • Functional electrical stimulation of upper limb muscles enables performance of functionally meaningful tasks such as drinking and self-feeding after spinal cord injury.
    • Combined epidural electrical and muscle stimulation improves functional reconstruction of spinal sensorimotor circuits after spinal cord injury.

    Found in the scientific sources, not yet checked

    Titles and identifiers as the sources publish them. Nobody here has read these papers, and nothing on this shelf is a result, a recommendation or evidence that anything works. Each line opens the original.

    3142 records

    This grouping is the source's own cataloguing, not a reading of the paper. It says where a record was filed, not what it found.

    Registered or indexed as work in people

    Where this was looked for, and when

    The exact question each source was asked, the day it was asked, and what came back. A zero on this page is only honest if these are on it.

    ClinicalTrials.govasked, and it has nothingasked on 2026-09-29the source found 0 · this programme has 132 · still to fetch 0aim: every record matching this question
    Crossrefasked, and it answeredasked on 2026-09-16the source found 2903516 · this programme has 50aim: a sample of the most relevant records. This source ranks a bag of words, so its own total is the size of the corpus that shares some of them, never a set still owed.
    PubMedasked, and it answeredasked on 2026-10-12the source found 7 · this programme has 3064 · still to fetch 0aim: every record matching this question
    The question asked
    • ClinicalTrials.gov("functional electrical stimulation" OR "FES cycling" OR "neuromuscular electrical stimulation")
    • Crossrefspinal cord injury functional electrical stimulation FES cycling
    • PubMed("Spinal Cord Injuries"[MeSH Terms] OR "spinal cord injury"[Title/Abstract] OR "spinal cord injuries"[Title/Abstract] OR "spinal cord trauma"[Title/Abstract]) AND ("Electric Stimulation Therapy"[MeSH Terms] OR "functional electrical stimulation"[Title/Abstract] OR "FES cycling"[Title/Abstract] OR "neuromuscular electrical stimulation"[Title/Abstract])

    Subjects next to this one