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Epidural electrical stimulation

Part of: Neuromodulation

This map follows this subject as an approach

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What belongs here

An electrode implanted in the epidural space over the cord, delivering current below the level of injury.

What does not belong here, however close it looks

Epidural stimulation purely for pain relief, with no motor or autonomic aim, belongs to the pain concept.

What has been looked at

Counted from what the sources catalogue, not from reading the work. It says how much exists and over what span of years — never what any of it found.

Registered or indexed as work in people: 896 records · 1945–2026
Indexed as work in animals: 195 records · 1978–2026
Indexed as laboratory work: 2 records · 2008–2025
The source has not said who or what was studied: 145 records · 1990–2026

Checked

Records a person has read against the original and published into this map. These carry measurements, evidence states and a place on the ladder.

Recovery of walking with epidural electrical stimulation and rehabilitation is accompanied by reduced neuronal activity in the lumbar spinal cord during walking.
Spatiotemporal epidural electrical stimulation of the lumbar spinal cord combined with neurorehabilitation restores walking after spinal cord injury.
A brain–spine interface that links cortical signals to epidural electrical stimulation of the lumbosacral spinal cord restores standing and walking ability after spinal cord injury.
Combined epidural electrical and muscle stimulation improves functional reconstruction of spinal sensorimotor circuits after spinal cord injury.
Combined epidural electrical and muscle stimulation increases the excitability of spinal neurons after spinal cord injury.
Efficacy of spinal cord epidural electrical stimulation in gait recovery of Spinal Cord Injury patients, a systematic review of human clinical trials
Epidural electrical stimulation
Epidural electrical stimulation for spinal cord injury.
High-frequency epidural electrical stimulation reduces spasticity and facilitates walking recovery in patients with spinal cord injury.
Advances in Spinal Cord Epidural Stimulation for Motor and Autonomic Functions Recovery After Severe Spinal Cord Injury
Combined Injury-site & Lumbosacral Epidural Spinal Cord Stimulation
Epidural and Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation Strategies for Motor Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury

Found in the scientific sources, not yet checked

Titles and identifiers as the sources publish them. Nobody here has read these papers, and nothing on this shelf is a result, a recommendation or evidence that anything works. Each line opens the original.

1238 records

This grouping is the source's own cataloguing, not a reading of the paper. It says where a record was filed, not what it found.

Registered or indexed as work in people

Computed tomography with metrizamide myelography to define the extent of spinal canal block due to tumor. — PubMed · 1984 · Case Reports
[Epidural angiolipoma: a rare and curable cause of spinal cord compression]. — PubMed · 1984 · Case Reports
Epidural block: myelographic evaluation with a single-puncture technique using metrizamide. — PubMed · 1984 · Journal Article
[Cutaneous cerebrospinal fluid fistula associated with secondary puncture of the dura caused by a peridural catheter]. — PubMed · 1984 · Case Reports
Surgical treatment of vertebro-epidural neoplasms of the cervical tract via the anterior approach. — PubMed · 1984 · Journal Article
Management of metastatic epidural disease in children. — PubMed · 1984 · Editorial
[Biomechanical method for the restoration of neurological function losses in tetraplegic and paraplegic patients using surgical relaxation of the injured spinal cord]. — PubMed · 1984 · English Abstract
Computed tomography diagnosis of spinal cord compression secondary to epidural extramedullary hematopoiesis. — PubMed · 1984 · Case Reports
[Dorsal extradural hourglass lipoma in children]. — PubMed · 1984 · Case Reports
Epidural spinal cord compression secondary to metastatic disease: a review of the literature. — PubMed · 1983 · Journal Article
[Epiduritis disclosing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Apropos of 11 cases]. — PubMed · 1983 · English Abstract
[Epidural abscess with spinal cord compression in a heroin addict]. — PubMed · 1983 · Case Reports
Extraosseous extradural tuberculous granuloma of the spine. — PubMed · 1983 · Case Reports
Epidural myxoma causing compression of the cauda equina: a case report. — PubMed · 1983 · Case Reports
Paraplegia secondary to epidural hemorrhage into spinal lipomatous tissue. — PubMed · 1983 · Case Reports
Medical management of steroid-induced epidural lipomatosis. — PubMed · 1983 · Case Reports
Primary extradural neoplasms causing spinal cord compression. — PubMed · 1983 · Journal Article
Neurophysiological assessment of electrode placement in the spinal cord. — PubMed · 1983 · Journal Article
Nocardia osteomyelitis and epidural abscess in the nonimmunosuppressed host. — PubMed · 1983 · Journal Article
Prognostic factors in the management of metastatic epidural spinal cord compression. — PubMed · 1983 · Journal Article
Radiation therapy for spinal epidural metastases with complete block. — PubMed · 1983 · Journal Article
Curable paraplegia due to extradural hematopoietic tissue in thalassemia. — PubMed · 1982 · Case Reports
Symptomatic deposition of epidural fat in a morbidly obese woman. — PubMed · 1982 · Case Reports
Spinal epidural extramedullary hematopoiesis with cord compression in a patient with refractory sideroblastic anemia. Case report. — PubMed · 1982 · Case Reports
Encouraging surgical results in walking patients with epidural metastases. — PubMed · 1982 · Journal Article
Spinal cord block with a destructive lesion of the dorsal spine in ankylosing spondylitis. — PubMed · 1982 · Case Reports
Anterior decompression of the spine for metastatic epidural cord compression: a promising avenue of therapy? — PubMed · 1982 · Case Reports
[Extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma of the epidural space. A report of two new cases with literature review (author's transl)]. — PubMed · 1982 · Case Reports
[Intraspinal dracunculosis. Apropos of a case of epidural medullary compression]. — PubMed · 1982 · Case Reports
Metastatic epidural tumors in children. — PubMed · 1982 · Comparative Study
Spinal epidural abscesses. Surgical and parasurgical management. — PubMed · 1982 · Case Reports
[Cervical compression syndrome of brucellar origin. Apropos of 2 cases]. — PubMed · 1981 · Case Reports
Acute spinal epidural abscess. Report of 4 cases. — PubMed · 1981 · Case Reports
Extramedullary hematopoiesis in homozygous thalassemia. A tomographic study of a case treated with radiotherapy. — PubMed · 1981 · Case Reports
Early diagnosis of spinal epidural metastases. — PubMed · 1981 · Journal Article
Symptomatic spinal epidural lipomatosis associated with Cushing's syndrome. — PubMed · 1981 · Case Reports
Myelography of spinal block from epidural tumor: a new approach. — PubMed · 1981 · Case Reports
[Spinal epidural cysts (author's transl)]. — PubMed · 1981 · Case Reports
[Spinal cord compression by extramedullary hematopoiesis in chronic eosinophilic leukemia (author's transl)]. — PubMed · 1981 · Case Reports
Epidural dracunculiasis: a rare cause of spinal cord compression. — PubMed · 1980 · Case Reports
Spinal cord compression: with special reference to metastatic epidural tumors. — PubMed · 1980 · Journal Article
Selective lumbar phlebography. Its diagnostic value when compared with radiculography. — PubMed · 1980 · Comparative Study
Acute spinal epidural abscess. — PubMed · 1979 · Case Reports
Epidural lipomatosis: a complication of corticosteroid therapy. — PubMed · 1979 · Case Reports
[Medullary compression revealing the presence of an epidural nodular lymphoma (author's transl)]. — PubMed · 1979 · Case Reports
Vertebral osteomyelitis and epidural abcess due to mucormycosis, a case report. — PubMed · 1979 · Case Reports
Neoplastic epidural spinal cord compression. A current perspective. — PubMed · 1978 · Journal Article
"Disappearing" spinal cord compression: oncolytic effect of glucocorticoids (and other chemotherapeutic agents) on epidural metastases. — PubMed · 1977 · Case Reports
Discussion of the indications for decompressive laminectomy in epidural spinal metastases. — PubMed · 1977 · Journal Article
Epidural spinal metastases: factors related to selection of cases for decompressive laminectomy. — PubMed · 1977 · Journal Article
[EPIDURAL VARICOSITY AS A CAUSE OF SCIATIC SYNDROME)]. — PubMed · 1964 · Journal Article
[THE SPONTANEOUS SPINAL EPIDURAL HEMATOMA]. — PubMed · 1964 · Journal Article
[MYELOGRAPHY IN NEOPLASTIC INFILTRATIONS OF THE EPIDURAL SPACE]. — PubMed · 1963 · Journal Article
[Spinal cord compression by epidural cyst with complete remission 6 years after surgery]. — PubMed · 1960 · Journal Article
Spinal epidural metastasis without spinal cord compression; a case report. — PubMed · 1949 · Journal Article
Lesions of the spinal epidural space producing cord compression. — PubMed · 1945 · Journal Article

Indexed as work in animals

Early high‑frequency spinal cord stimulation modulates the ROS/p38 MAPK/NF‑κB and CXCL10/CXCR3 pathways to alleviate neuropathic pain and promote spinal cord injury repair. — PubMed · 2026 · Journal Article
A biodegradable piezoelectric vertebral implant for programmable electro-neuromodulation in spinal cord injury. — PubMed · 2026 · Journal Article
Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplantation Combined With Electrical Epidural Stimulation as a Long-Term Treatment for Severe Spinal Cord Injury in Female Fischer 344 Rats. — PubMed · 2026 · Journal Article
Spinal Cord Stimulation Alleviates Spinal Cord Injury-Induced Neuropathic Pain Via m(5)C-Dependent Regulation of TRAF2. — PubMed · 2026 · Journal Article

Where this was looked for, and when

The exact question each source was asked, the day it was asked, and what came back. A zero on this page is only honest if these are on it.

ClinicalTrials.gov	asked, and it answered	asked on 2026-09-29	the source found 1 · this programme has 55 · still to fetch 0	aim: every record matching this question
Crossref	asked, and it answered	asked on 2026-09-16	the source found 1988993 · this programme has 50	aim: a sample of the most relevant records. This source ranks a bag of words, so its own total is the size of the corpus that shares some of them, never a set still owed.
PubMed	asked, and it answered	asked on 2026-10-12	the source found 9 · this programme has 1166 · still to fetch 0	aim: every record matching this question

The question asked

ClinicalTrials.gov("epidural stimulation" OR "epidural electrical stimulation" OR "implanted epidural stimulator")
Crossrefspinal cord injury epidural stimulation epidural electrical stimulation
PubMed("Spinal Cord Injuries"[MeSH Terms] OR "spinal cord injury"[Title/Abstract] OR "spinal cord injuries"[Title/Abstract] OR "spinal cord trauma"[Title/Abstract]) AND ("Spinal Cord Stimulation"[MeSH Terms] OR "Epidural Space"[MeSH Terms] OR "epidural stimulation"[Title/Abstract] OR "epidural electrical stimulation"[Title/Abstract] OR "implanted epidural stimulator"[Title/Abstract])