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Epidural electrical stimulation

Part of: Neuromodulation

This map follows this subject as an approach

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What belongs here

An electrode implanted in the epidural space over the cord, delivering current below the level of injury.

What does not belong here, however close it looks

Epidural stimulation purely for pain relief, with no motor or autonomic aim, belongs to the pain concept.

What has been looked at

Counted from what the sources catalogue, not from reading the work. It says how much exists and over what span of years — never what any of it found.

Registered or indexed as work in people: 896 records · 1945–2026
Indexed as work in animals: 195 records · 1978–2026
Indexed as laboratory work: 2 records · 2008–2025
The source has not said who or what was studied: 145 records · 1990–2026

Checked

Records a person has read against the original and published into this map. These carry measurements, evidence states and a place on the ladder.

Recovery of walking with epidural electrical stimulation and rehabilitation is accompanied by reduced neuronal activity in the lumbar spinal cord during walking.
Spatiotemporal epidural electrical stimulation of the lumbar spinal cord combined with neurorehabilitation restores walking after spinal cord injury.
A brain–spine interface that links cortical signals to epidural electrical stimulation of the lumbosacral spinal cord restores standing and walking ability after spinal cord injury.
Combined epidural electrical and muscle stimulation improves functional reconstruction of spinal sensorimotor circuits after spinal cord injury.
Combined epidural electrical and muscle stimulation increases the excitability of spinal neurons after spinal cord injury.
Efficacy of spinal cord epidural electrical stimulation in gait recovery of Spinal Cord Injury patients, a systematic review of human clinical trials
Epidural electrical stimulation
Epidural electrical stimulation for spinal cord injury.
High-frequency epidural electrical stimulation reduces spasticity and facilitates walking recovery in patients with spinal cord injury.
Advances in Spinal Cord Epidural Stimulation for Motor and Autonomic Functions Recovery After Severe Spinal Cord Injury
Combined Injury-site & Lumbosacral Epidural Spinal Cord Stimulation
Epidural and Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation Strategies for Motor Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury

Found in the scientific sources, not yet checked

Titles and identifiers as the sources publish them. Nobody here has read these papers, and nothing on this shelf is a result, a recommendation or evidence that anything works. Each line opens the original.

1238 records

This grouping is the source's own cataloguing, not a reading of the paper. It says where a record was filed, not what it found.

Registered or indexed as work in people

Thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair: a 20-year perspective. — PubMed · 2007 · Journal Article
An unusual cause of paraparesis in a patient on chronic steroid therapy. — PubMed · 2007 · Case Reports
Clinical approach to metastatic epidural spinal cord compression. — PubMed · 2006 · Journal Article
[Extradural lipomatosis after long-term treatment with steroids]. — PubMed · 2006 · Case Reports
Ganglion cyst of the cervical spine presenting with Brown-Sequard syndrome. — PubMed · 2006 · Case Reports
Images in spine surgery: spinal epidural pyaemia. — PubMed · 2006 · Case Reports
[Imaging of extradural spinal lesions]. — PubMed · 2006 · English Abstract
Surgical approach to epidural spinal cord compression. — PubMed · 2006 · Journal Article
Ligamentum flavum hematoma in the cervical spine - case report. — PubMed · 2006 · Case Reports
Imaging of the spine in patients with malignancy. — PubMed · 2006 · Journal Article
The posterior epidural space is largest at the level of the disc. — PubMed · 2006 · Comment
Late bacterial granuloma at an intrathecal drug delivery catheter. — PubMed · 2006 · Case Reports
Spinal compression due to ossified yellow ligament: a short series of 5 patients and literature review. — PubMed · 2006 · Case Reports
Modulation effects of epidural spinal cord stimulation on muscle activities during walking. — PubMed · 2006 · Clinical Trial
Rehabilitative therapies after spinal cord injury. — PubMed · 2006 · Journal Article
Type I congenital multiple intraspinal extradural cysts associated with distichiasis and lymphedema syndrome. — PubMed · 2006 · Case Reports
[Vertebral and spinal cord hydatidosis: contribution of imaging]. — PubMed · 2006 · Case Reports
Extensive S aureus spinal epidural empyema. — PubMed · 2005 · Case Reports
An unusual presentation of epidural Acinetobacter infection. — PubMed · 2005 · Case Reports
Extranodal Rosai-Dorfman disease with multifocal bone and epidural involvement causing recurrent spinal cord compression. — PubMed · 2005 · Case Reports
Surgical resection improves outcome in metastatic epidural spinal cord compression. — PubMed · 2005 · Comment
Epidural air entrapment after spinal surgery. — PubMed · 2005 · Case Reports
From advanced imaging. When epidural fat is more than just epidural fat. — PubMed · 2005 · Journal Article
Huge epidural hematoma after surgery for spinal cord stimulation. — PubMed · 2005 · Case Reports
Primary intradural extramedullary hydatid cyst. — PubMed · 2005 · Case Reports
Spinal epidural lipomatosis: case reports, literature review and meta-analysis. — PubMed · 2005 · Case Reports
Osteoradionecrosis mimicking metastatic epidural spinal cord compression. — PubMed · 2005 · Case Reports
Infiltrating spinal angiolipoma: a case report and review of the literature. — PubMed · 2004 · Case Reports
Spinal shock in spontaneous cervical spinal epidural haematoma. — PubMed · 2004 · Case Reports
Stepping-like movements in humans with complete spinal cord injury induced by epidural stimulation of the lumbar cord: electromyographic study of compound muscle action potentials. — PubMed · 2004 · Journal Article
Transforaminal epidural steroid delivery and diagnosing the level of nerve root pathology: comments on Baker et al., Pain 103/1-2, 2003. — PubMed · 2004 · Comment
Myelopathy due to spinal epidural abscess without cord compression: a diagnostic pitfall. — PubMed · 2004 · Case Reports
Magnetic resonance imaging of thoracic epidural venous dilation in Hirayama disease. — PubMed · 2004 · Case Reports
[Spinal cord protection during most or all of descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair]. — PubMed · 2004 · Comparative Study
Epidural spinal-cord stimulation facilitates recovery of functional walking following incomplete spinal-cord injury. — PubMed · 2004 · Evaluation Study
Spinal cord compression caused by extradural arachnoid cysts. Clinical examples and review. — PubMed · 2004 · Case Reports
Initiating extension of the lower limbs in subjects with complete spinal cord injury by epidural lumbar cord stimulation. — PubMed · 2004 · Journal Article
[Anterior spinal epidural hematoma: a case report]. — PubMed · 2004 · Case Reports
Spinal osseous epidural arteriovenous fistula with multiple small arterial feeders converging to a round fistular nidus as a target of venous approach. — PubMed · 2004 · Case Reports
Kinematic magnetic resonance imaging of a thoracic spinal extradural arachnoid cyst: an alternative suggestion for exacerbation of symptoms during straining. — PubMed · 2003 · Case Reports
Primary epidural burkitt lymphoma in a child: case presentation and literature review. — PubMed · 2003 · Case Reports
Spinal cord arteriovenous shunts: from imaging to management. — PubMed · 2003 · Journal Article
Spinal epidural lipomatosis with thoracic osteoporotic compression fracture causing paraplegia. — PubMed · 2003 · Case Reports
[Epidural hematoma after combined regional anesthesia in a patient without coagulation disorders]. — PubMed · 2003 · Case Reports
[A case of extramedullary multiple myeloma manifested as an epidural mass in the cervical spinal cord]. — PubMed · 2003 · Case Reports
Localized epidural and bone amyloidosis, rare cause of paraplegia in multiple myeloma. — PubMed · 2003 · Case Reports
Chronic spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma -- a rare cause of cervical myelopathy. — PubMed · 2003 · Case Reports
[Computed tomography in the diagnosis of tuberculous spondylitis complicated by neurological disorders]. — PubMed · 2003 · Journal Article
Juvenile asymmetric segmental spinal muscular atrophy (Hirayama's disease). — PubMed · 2003 · Comment
Symptomatic epidural lipomatosis of the spinal cord in a child: MR demonstration of spinal cord injury. — PubMed · 2002 · Case Reports
Cervical myelopathy due to a "tight dural canal in flexion" with a posterior epidural cavity. — PubMed · 2002 · Case Reports
Epidural cooling for regional spinal cord hypothermia during most or all of descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair. — PubMed · 2002 · Journal Article
[Epidural cooling for thoracoabdominal aortic surgery]. — PubMed · 2002 · English Abstract
Control of locomotor activity in humans and animals in the absence of supraspinal influences. — PubMed · 2002 · Clinical Trial
Metastatic spinal cord compression of testicular yolk sac tumor. — PubMed · 2002 · Case Reports
Spinal epidural lipomatosis revealing endogenous Cushing's syndrome. — PubMed · 2002 · Case Reports
Castleman's disease and spinal cord compression: case report. — PubMed · 2002 · Case Reports
Castleman's disease: unusual case of inflammatory spinal dorsal epidural mass: case report. — PubMed · 2002 · Case Reports
[Medullary compression by Burkitt lymphoma. Analysis of 7 cases]. — PubMed · 2001 · English Abstract
[Metastatic epidural spinal compression: prognostic factors and results of radiotherapy]. — PubMed · 2001 · Comparative Study

Where this was looked for, and when

The exact question each source was asked, the day it was asked, and what came back. A zero on this page is only honest if these are on it.

ClinicalTrials.gov	asked, and it answered	asked on 2026-09-29	the source found 1 · this programme has 55 · still to fetch 0	aim: every record matching this question
Crossref	asked, and it answered	asked on 2026-09-16	the source found 1988993 · this programme has 50	aim: a sample of the most relevant records. This source ranks a bag of words, so its own total is the size of the corpus that shares some of them, never a set still owed.
PubMed	asked, and it answered	asked on 2026-10-12	the source found 9 · this programme has 1166 · still to fetch 0	aim: every record matching this question

The question asked

ClinicalTrials.gov("epidural stimulation" OR "epidural electrical stimulation" OR "implanted epidural stimulator")
Crossrefspinal cord injury epidural stimulation epidural electrical stimulation
PubMed("Spinal Cord Injuries"[MeSH Terms] OR "spinal cord injury"[Title/Abstract] OR "spinal cord injuries"[Title/Abstract] OR "spinal cord trauma"[Title/Abstract]) AND ("Spinal Cord Stimulation"[MeSH Terms] OR "Epidural Space"[MeSH Terms] OR "epidural stimulation"[Title/Abstract] OR "epidural electrical stimulation"[Title/Abstract] OR "implanted epidural stimulator"[Title/Abstract])